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The WHO Pandemic Preparedness Treaty

In March 2021, a group of world leaders, including then UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson, announced an initiative for a new treaty on pandemic preparedness and response.

This initiative was taken to the World Health Organization (WHO) and has been negotiated, drafted, and debated by a newly-established Intergovernmental Negotiation Body.

This briefing provides an overview of the key background, progress, and developments of the treaty as of 29 May 2024. It will also give an overview of the parallel amendments being made to the International Health Regulations.

In May 2024, negotiations on the Pandemic Treaty had failed to reach a conclusion before the 2024 World Health Assembly.

However, the proposed treaty was further negotiated and finalised to present to the 78th World Health Assembly in May 2025. and formally adopted by the Assembly on 20 May 2025.

The Pandemic Agreement will not open for signature until the adoption of an Annex, described in Article 12 of the Agreement, on a Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing system. Work on the adoption of the Annex will be considered at the 79th World Health Assembly.

The Agreement will enter into force after 60 ratifications.

The 78th World Health Assembly runs from 19 May to 27 May 2025.

What is being proposed?

In the March 2021 joint article, the group of leaders said:

The main goal of this treaty would be to foster an all of government and all of society approach, strengthening national, regional and global capacities and resilience to future pandemics.

This includes greatly enhancing international co-operation to improve, for example, alert systems, data-sharing, research and local, regional and global production and distribution of medical and public health counter-measures such as vaccines, medicines, diagnostics and personal protective equipment.

The article acknowledges existing provision for a coordinated international response under the International Health Regulations, which would “underpin such a treaty”.

In October 2021, the Working Group on Strengthening WHO Preparedness for and Response to Health Emergencies (WGPR) published a ‘zero draft’ report outlining an assessment of the benefits of a new WHO convention, agreement or other international instrument on pandemic preparedness and response, for consideration by the World Health Assembly. This Report, among other things, suggested that such an initiative “could include promoting high-level political commitment and whole-of-government whole-of-society approaches, addressing equity, enhancing the One Health approach, and strengthening health systems and their resilience.”

In this session, the WHA agreed to establish an Intergovernmental Negotiating Body to draft and negotiate “a WHO convention, agreement, or other international instrument on pandemic prevention, preparedness and response.”

Does the UK support the treaty?

Then Prime Minister Boris Johnson was a signatory to the article proposing the treaty initially.
In 2022, the Conservative Government stated that it supported a new legally-binding instrument “as part of a cooperative and comprehensive approach to pandemic prevention, preparedness and response.”

However, in May 2024 the then government indicated that it would not sign the treaty in its current form. It did not explicitly state the reasons for this.

The UK’s final position on the exact substance of the treaty remains to be seen as the Treaty opens for adoption, but the Government has indicated general support for such a treaty in principle.

https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9550/